“Something akin to a credit crunch is what I’m most concerned about,” said Steve Ellis, global fixed-income chief investment officer at Fidelity International, which manages $663 billion of assets. Central banks’ continued tightening shows they’re “fighting last year’s battle,” he said according to a report by Fortune. 

The damage from 10 straight interest rate increases has been done and the collapse of three U.S. lenders in March was just a taste of the bigger crisis to come as central banks stay hawkish until something else breaks. Just last week, Canada and Australia delivered surprise hikes, putting some pressure on the Federal Reserve to follow at an upcoming meeting as inflation remains persistently high.

Mike Riddell, a portfolio manager at Allianz Global Investors, said that stocks, bonds, and corporate debt are mispricing the risks. He added that only inflation-rate swaps have the economic outlook right. The so-called one-year forward inflation rate is currently at 2.4%, or close to 2% when risk compensation for investors is factored out. That implies a “nasty recession” within the next six months, he said. “Our base case is for a moderate-to-deep recession — and potentially crises — as the unprecedented pace of global policy tightening seen over the last year starts to really bite,” Riddell said. He recommends being bullishly positioned in rates and bearishly positioned in risk assets like credit.

The “inevitable” recession is taking far longer to show up than many thought at the start of the year. It’s possible the economy may keep defying expectations too, as situations such as nonfarm payrolls surpassed all estimates and surged in May, surprisingly.

Another issue is that Americans are quickly becoming overleveraged. Credit-card balances, which hit $986 billion in the fourth quarter of last year, remained largely unchanged in the first quarter for the first time in more than twenty years. Normally they post a dip as people pay off their debts from the holiday season, according to Forbes. 

Real yields should provide an even greater tailwind for gold through the rest of 2023, supported by a weaker dollar and by buying from reserve managers.

Gold is flirting with all-time highs versus the dollar and several other currencies, while it is at its highs versus several more currencies, such as the Japanese yen, the Australian Dollar and the Indian rupee.

Gold is often simplistically taken as an inflation hedge. However, the correlation between gold returns and CPI is very close to zero over the long term. Instead, the interplay between inflation and interest rates — i.e. real rates — is more meaningful for gold.

Gibson’s Paradox stemmed from the observation that real interest rates and gold move inversely to one another (named a paradox by Keynes as it contravened standard economic theory). Gibson’s Rule said that for every percentage point the real fed funds rate was below 2%, gold should rally 8% over the next year.

The data gives a more nuanced answer. The chart below shows the subsequent one-year return of gold (in dollars) for different real-rates buckets. There is more of a parabolic relationship with real rates and gold rather than a straight line.

Real rates (-1% now) are currently very favorable for gold on historical basis.

Furthermore, real rates are set to get even more gold-friendly. CPI fixing swaps and the current level of Fed rates show that the spot real rate is expected to be between 1% and 2% for most of the rest of this year, i.e. in the most favorable bucket for forward gold returns.

If we add to this real buying from reserve managers, the backdrop has fundamental support. It is way too premature to call the end of the dollar as the world’s reserve currency, but it is clear countries are diversifying away from USTs, and some of the gap is being filled by gold.

Add in a dollar downtrend that looks intact for now, and gold should continue to perform well, and quite conceivably start making all-time highs in several more currencies, not least the dollar.